Electrochemical Sensors for Biomedical and Environmental Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Electrochemical sensors have emerged as powerful analytical tools for real-time monitoring in biomedical diagnostics and environmental surveillance due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid response, and cost effectiveness. These sensors operate by converting chemical information into measurable electrical signals through electrochemical reactions occurring at the electrode–electrolyte interface. In recent years, significant advancements in nanomaterials, electrode modification techniques, and microfabrication technologies have greatly enhanced the performance and applicability of electrochemical sensing platforms.